CYBER LAW LLB NOTES

 Unit – 1: Introduction, Origin and Development of Cyber Law

Cyber law refers to the legal rules and regulations that govern internet usage, online activities, and the use of technology. It encompasses a wide range of legal issues related to the internet and technology, including electronic commerce, online privacy, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and digital content. The nature of cyber law is complex and constantly evolving, as technology advances and new legal issues arise. Cyber law involves a wide range of legal principles and statutes, including contract law, intellectual property law, privacy law, criminal law, and tort law. The main purpose of cyber law is to protect individuals and organizations from cyber-crime, cyber-bullying, and other online abuses. Cyber law also aims to protect intellectual property rights, ensure online privacy, and regulate online commerce and transactions.

Overall, cyber law plays a crucial role in regulating and protecting individuals and organizations in the digital age. As technology continues to advance, it is important for cyber law to evolve and adapt to new challenges and threats in the online world.

The relationship between cyber law and technology is inseparable, as cyber law is created to regulate and govern the use of technology. Technology has greatly changed the way we communicate, conduct business, and interact with each other. With the rise of the internet and digital technologies, new legal challenges and issues have emerged, such as online privacy, cyber-crime, intellectual property rights, and online contracts. Cyber law is constantly evolving to keep up with advancements in technology. As technology advances, new legal issues arise, and cyber law must adapt to regulate these new issues. For example, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning has led to new legal issues related to liability, data privacy, and ethical considerations.

In addition, cyber law can also influence the development and use of technology. For instance, regulations related to data protection and cybersecurity can encourage technology companies to develop more secure and privacy-friendly technologies. Similarly, intellectual property laws can incentivize innovation and protect the rights of inventors and creators.

Overall, cyber law and technology are deeply interconnected, and the development and use of technology will continue to shape the evolution of cyber law in the future.

Need and Scope of the study of Cyber Jurisprudence

Cyber Jurisprudence involves the study of legal principles and regulations related to the use of technology, the internet, and digital devices. The need for the study of Cyber Jurisprudence arises due to the following reasons:

1. Protecting the rights of individuals and organizations: With the rise of cybercrime, online harassment, and cyberbullying, it is crucial to study Cyber Jurisprudence to ensure that individuals and organizations are protected from such threats. Cyber Jurisprudence helps to establish legal frameworks to regulate online activities and to protect the rights of individuals and organizations in the digital realm.
2. Ensuring cybersecurity and data protection: The study of Cyber Jurisprudence helps to establish legal frameworks to ensure cybersecurity and data protection. Cyber Jurisprudence provides guidelines to prevent cyber-attacks, secure data, and protect the privacy of individuals and organizations.
3. Regulating e-commerce and digital transactions: The growth of e-commerce and digital transactions has led to the need for Cyber Jurisprudence to regulate online commercial activities. Cyber Jurisprudence provides legal frameworks to regulate online contracts, transactions, and other commercial activities.

The scope of the study of Cyber Jurisprudence is vast and includes the following areas:

1. Cyber-crime: Cyber Jurisprudence includes the study of legal principles related to cybercrime, such as hacking, identity theft, phishing, and other online crimes.
2. Digital privacy: Cyber Jurisprudence includes the study of legal principles related to digital privacy, such as data protection, online surveillance, and the use of cookies and other tracking technologies.
3. Intellectual property: Cyber Jurisprudence includes the study of legal principles related to intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.
4. Cybersecurity: Cyber Jurisprudence includes the study of legal principles related to cybersecurity, such as cybersecurity standards, incident response plans, and cyber insurance.

Judicial Control and Jurisdiction of Cyber Space

The judicial control and jurisdiction of cyberspace are crucial in regulating and controlling online activities, ensuring cybersecurity, and protecting the rights of individuals and organizations in the digital realm. The following are the key aspects of judicial control and jurisdiction of cyberspace:

1.      Jurisdiction: Cyberspace is a global and borderless space, which presents challenges for the determination of jurisdiction. In the case of a cybercrime, the jurisdiction can be established based on the location of the perpetrator, victim, or the location where the crime was committed. International treaties and conventions also play a crucial role in establishing jurisdiction in cross-border cases.

2.      Cyber Tribunals: Some countries have established specialized cyber tribunals to deal with cybercrimes and other legal issues related to cyberspace. These tribunals have the jurisdiction to handle cases related to online fraud, hacking, cyberbullying, and other cybercrimes.

3.      Applicable Laws: In cyberspace, different legal systems and laws can apply to the same activity, depending on the location of the parties involved. Therefore, it is crucial to determine which laws apply to a particular activity or transaction in cyberspace.

4.      Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: In some cases, a country can exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction over a cybercrime committed outside its territory if the crime has an impact within its territory. This can be challenging due to the cross-border nature of cyberspace and can lead to conflicts between different legal systems and jurisdictions.

5.      Judicial Control: Judicial control of cyberspace involves the enforcement of laws and regulations related to cyberspace. This includes the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes, the imposition of penalties and fines, and the regulation of online activities and transactions. Judicial control also involves the interpretation and application of laws related to cyberspace, which can be challenging due to the fast-paced and ever-changing nature of technology.

Internet regulation, content regulation and its authority

Internet Regulation: Internet regulation refers to the laws and regulations that govern the use of the internet. Internet regulation can include laws related to cybersecurity, data protection, online privacy, e-commerce, intellectual property, and cybercrime. The authority responsible for regulating the internet varies depending on the country and can include government agencies, regulatory bodies, and self-regulatory organizations.

In some countries, the government has a significant role in regulating the internet, while in others, the industry self-regulates. For example, in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has the authority to regulate the internet, while in the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) sets the standard for data protection and privacy.

Content Regulation: Content regulation refers to the rules and guidelines that govern the dissemination of information on the internet, including social media platforms and other online content providers. Content regulation can include laws related to hate speech, pornography, online harassment, defamation, and copyright infringement.

Authority for Regulation: The authority responsible for regulating the internet and content on the internet varies depending on the country and can include government agencies, regulatory bodies, and industry self-regulation.

In some countries, government agencies such as the FCC in the United States or Ofcom in the United Kingdom have the authority to regulate the internet and content on the internet. Regulatory bodies such as the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) are responsible for regulating the internet and content on the internet in Australia.

In some cases, industry self-regulation is used to regulate the internet and content on the internet. For example, the Motion Picture Association (MPA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) self-regulate the internet to protect the intellectual property of their members.

Unit – 2: Intellectual Property Rights, Computer Software & Cyberspace

Concept of intellectual property rights

Intellectual property rights (IPR) are a set of legal rights that protect the creations of the human mind or intellect. Intellectual property is a form of intangible property that can be legally protected through a variety of means, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. The purpose of intellectual property rights is to provide an incentive for innovation and creativity by granting exclusive rights to the creators of intellectual property.

The different types of intellectual property rights are:

1.      Patents: Patents are exclusive rights granted to inventors for new and useful inventions. They allow the inventor to prevent others from making, using, or selling the invention for a limited period of time.

2.      Trademarks: Trademarks are distinctive signs, symbols, logos, or names used to identify and distinguish goods or services from those of other companies. Trademarks are used to protect the commercial identity of a business or product.

3.      Copyrights: Copyrights are exclusive rights granted to creators of original works of authorship, such as books, music, and software. Copyright protection prevents others from copying, distributing, or performing the work without the permission of the copyright owner.

4.      Trade Secrets: Trade secrets are confidential information that gives a company a competitive advantage, such as formulas, processes, or customer lists. Trade secrets are protected by keeping them confidential and through non-disclosure agreements.

Intellectual property rights are important because they incentivize innovation and creativity, which drive economic growth and development. By protecting the creations of the human mind, intellectual property rights encourage investment in research and development, which can lead to new and innovative products and services. Without intellectual property rights, there would be little incentive for creators to invest in new ideas, as their ideas could be easily copied and exploited by others without any legal protection.

Copyrights in computer software and patenting software applications

Copyright law protects computer software as a literary work. In general, computer software is considered a creative work of authorship, and as such, it is eligible for copyright protection under the Copyright Act. Copyright in computer software provides the owner with the exclusive right to:

1. Reproduce the software
2. Prepare derivative works based on the software
3. Distribute copies of the software
4. Perform the software publicly
5. Display the software publicly

The copyright owner can license or sell these rights to others. Copyright protection in computer software lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years, or for a period of 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever is shorter.

In addition to copyright law, computer software may also be protected by other forms of intellectual property, such as patents and trade secrets. Patents can protect the underlying algorithms or processes that make the software work, while trade secrets can protect confidential information related to the software, such as the source code or development plans.

*In general, software applications can be patented if they meet certain requirements under patent law. To be eligible for patent protection, a software application must be a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter that is not obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the relevant field.

One of the requirements for patent-ability is that the software application must be novel and non-obvious. This means that the invention must not have been previously disclosed to the public, and that it must not be an obvious modification of an existing invention. Additionally, the software application must have some practical application or utility.

Trademark and domain names

Trademarks and domain names are two distinct forms of intellectual property, but they are often closely related. A trademark is a distinctive sign, symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish goods or services from those of other companies. A domain name, on the other hand, is an address on the internet that identifies a particular website.

In many cases, a company's domain name will be the same as its trademark, or will be closely related to its trademark. For example, the domain name "google.com" is closely associated with the trademark "Google," which is used to identify the company's search engine services.

The use of a trademark in a domain name can be subject to trademark law, particularly if the use of the domain name is likely to cause confusion among consumers as to the source of the goods or services. This is known as "cyber-squatting," and it is generally considered a violation of trademark law.

Cyber property and internet

Cyber property refers to the digital assets and intellectual property that are created or owned in the digital realm. This can include a wide range of items, such as digital media files, software programs, domain names, social media accounts, and other online content.

The internet is a key medium for the creation and distribution of cyber property. The use of the internet has enabled the easy and widespread dissemination of digital content, and has also created new opportunities for the creation and distribution of intellectual property.

The protection of cyber property is governed by a range of laws and regulations, including intellectual property laws, data protection laws, and cybersecurity laws. These laws aim to protect the rights of individuals and organizations to their digital assets and intellectual property, and to prevent unauthorized access, use, or exploitation of these assets.

Some of the key legal issues related to cyber property and the internet include:

·         Copyright infringement: The unauthorized use or distribution of copyrighted material, such as music, movies, or software, is a common issue on the internet.

·         Trademark infringement: The use of a trademark in a domain name or in online advertising can be subject to trademark law, and can lead to disputes over ownership and use of the trademark.

·         Domain name disputes: Domain names are often closely associated with trademarks, and disputes can arise over the ownership and use of domain names that are similar to existing trademarks.

·         Cybersecurity breaches: The unauthorized access or exploitation of digital assets, such as confidential business information or personal data, is a growing concern in the age of the internet, and can lead to significant legal and financial consequences.

Unit – 3: Ecommerce & Legal Issues

Meaning, nature and areas of Ecommerce

Ecommerce, or electronic commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It involves the use of electronic channels, such as websites, mobile apps, and social media platforms, to facilitate commercial transactions. Ecommerce is a broad and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of commercial activities conducted through electronic channels. Its nature is characterized by its reliance on technology, its ability to reach a global audience, and its potential to transform the way we buy and sell goods and services.

The nature of ecommerce is characterized by its reliance on technology and its ability to reach a global audience. It enables businesses to operate 24/7, and provides consumers with greater convenience and access to a wider range of products and services.

Some of the key areas of ecommerce include:

1.      Business-to-consumer (B2C) ecommerce: This involves the sale of products and services directly to consumers through online channels. Examples include online marketplaces such as Amazon and eBay, as well as online retailers like Walmart and Target.

2.      Business-to-business (B2B) ecommerce: This involves the sale of products and services between businesses through online channels. Examples include online procurement systems, B2B marketplaces, and online auctions.

3.      Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) ecommerce: This involves the sale of products and services between consumers through online channels. Examples include online classifieds, peer-to-peer marketplaces like Airbnb and Uber, and social media platforms like Facebook Marketplace.

4.      Mobile commerce (m-commerce): This refers to ecommerce transactions that are conducted through mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. It includes mobile shopping apps, mobile payment systems, and location-based services.

5.      Social commerce: This refers to the use of social media platforms to facilitate ecommerce transactions. It involves the integration of social media features such as user reviews, recommendations, and social sharing into the ecommerce experience.

Digital Signature/Electronic Signature and certifying authority

A digital signature, also known as an electronic signature, is a method of verifying the authenticity and integrity of digital documents and electronic transactions. It involves the use of a unique digital identifier, or key, that is linked to the identity of the signer, and that can be used to sign electronic documents and transactions.

Certifying authorities (CAs) are organizations that issue digital certificates that verify the identity of the signer and the authenticity of the digital signature. These certificates are used to ensure that the digital signature is legitimate, and that the signed document has not been tampered with.

The process of creating a digital signature typically involves the following steps:

1.      The signer obtains a digital certificate from a trusted CA, which verifies their identity and the authenticity of the signature.

2.      The signer creates a digital signature using their unique digital identifier, which is linked to their identity and is protected by encryption.

3.      The digital signature is applied to the electronic document or transaction, which creates a digital fingerprint of the document that can be used to verify its authenticity and integrity.

The use of digital signatures and certifying authorities is regulated by a number of laws and regulations, including the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) in the United States, and the eIDAS Regulation in the European Union. These laws provide a legal framework for the use of digital signatures in electronic transactions, and establish the requirements for ensuring their validity and authenticity.

Data protection and privacy

Data protection and privacy refer to the legal and ethical principles governing the collection, use, storage, and sharing of personal information. These principles aim to ensure that individuals have control over their personal data, and that their privacy is protected.

In many countries, data protection and privacy are regulated by laws and regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States. These laws establish rules for the collection, use, and sharing of personal data, and require organizations to obtain consent from individuals before collecting or processing their data.

Some of the key principles of data protection and privacy include:

1.      Transparency: Organizations must provide clear and concise information about their data collection and processing practices, and must obtain consent from individuals before collecting or processing their data.

2.      Purpose limitation: Organizations may only collect and use personal data for specific, legitimate purposes, and may not use the data for other purposes without obtaining additional consent.

3.      Data minimization: Organizations should only collect the minimum amount of personal data necessary to achieve their stated purposes.

4.      Security: Organizations must take appropriate measures to protect personal data from unauthorized access, disclosure, or destruction.

5.      Data subject rights: Individuals have the right to access, correct, and delete their personal data, and to object to its use for certain purposes.

Consumer Protection in Ecommerce

Consumer protection in e-commerce refers to the legal and ethical principles and practices aimed at protecting consumers who engage in online transactions. E-commerce has become a popular way for consumers to purchase goods and services, but it also exposes them to risks such as fraudulent activities, non-delivery of goods, and poor quality products. In addition to legal protections, organizations can also implement best practices for e-commerce that promote consumer protection, such as providing clear and accurate information, offering secure payment options, and ensuring prompt delivery of goods and services.

These laws provide consumers with certain rights and protections when purchasing goods and services online, including the right to:

1.      Clear and accurate information: Consumers have the right to receive clear and accurate information about the products and services they are purchasing, including their price, quality, and safety.

2.      Fair terms and conditions: Consumers have the right to fair terms and conditions in their transactions, including the right to cancel a purchase within a certain period of time and to receive a refund if goods are defective or not as described.

3.      Privacy and data protection: Consumers have the right to privacy and data protection, and organizations must obtain their consent before collecting and using their personal data.

4.      Safe and secure transactions: Consumers have the right to safe and secure transactions, and organizations must take appropriate measures to protect their personal and financial data.

5.      Redress: Consumers have the right to seek redress if their rights are violated, including the right to file complaints with regulatory authorities and to seek compensation for damages.

Unit – 4: Cyber Crime

Cyber Crime: Concept, Nature and Types

Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that are committed using the internet or other forms of digital communication technology. Cybercrime is a growing concern as more and more people rely on technology to conduct their daily lives, and as criminals use technology to carry out illegal activities. The impact of cybercrime can be severe, including financial losses, reputation damage, and emotional harm. It is important for individuals and organizations to take measures to protect themselves against cybercrime, such as using strong passwords, keeping software up to date, and being cautious about clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown sources.

The nature of cybercrime is constantly evolving as new technologies and techniques emerge. However, some common types of cybercrime include:

1.      Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks to steal data, install malware, or cause damage.

2.      Identity theft: Stealing personal information, such as usernames, passwords, or credit card numbers, to carry out fraud or other illegal activities.

3.      Phishing: Using fraudulent emails or websites to trick people into giving up their personal information.

4.      Malware: Malicious software that can be used to damage or control computer systems or networks, including viruses, worms, and trojan horses.

5.      Cyberstalking: Using digital communication technology to harass or intimidate someone, including through social media or messaging apps.

6.      Online scams: Various types of fraudulent schemes designed to trick people into giving up money or personal information, including fake websites, emails, or social media posts.

7.      Cyberbullying: Using digital communication technology to harass, intimidate, or humiliate someone, particularly in the context of social media.

Investigation in cyber-crime: Investigation authority, its power and its problems

Investigating cybercrime can be a complex and challenging process. There are various authorities involved in investigating cyber-crime, including law enforcement agencies, regulatory bodies, and private cybersecurity firms.

Investigation Authority: Law enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and local police departments have the primary authority to investigate cyber-crimes. Regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also have some powers to investigate cyber-crimes. Private cybersecurity firms may also investigate cyber-crimes but are not authorized to make arrests or prosecute criminals.

Power of Investigation Authority: The investigation authority has the power to collect evidence, monitor online activities, and conduct interviews to gather information related to cyber-crime. They can also issue warrants to search and seize computers, devices, and other electronic equipment used in the commission of the crime. They can work with other law enforcement agencies, both national and international, to gather information and build cases against suspects.

Problems with Investigation Authority: One of the major problems with the investigation authority is the lack of technical expertise and resources. Cyber-crime is often complex and sophisticated, requiring specialized knowledge and tools to investigate. Law enforcement agencies and regulatory bodies may not have the necessary expertise and resources to investigate cyber-crimes effectively.

Another problem is jurisdictional issues. Cyber-crime can happen across multiple jurisdictions, making it difficult for investigation authorities to determine which jurisdiction has the authority to investigate and prosecute the crime.

Privacy concerns are also a challenge for the investigation authority. In some cases, the investigation authority may need to monitor online activities or access personal data to gather evidence. However, this may conflict with the privacy rights of the individuals involved.

Finally, the investigation authority faces the challenge of dealing with rapidly evolving technology and tactics used by cyber criminals. As technology evolves, cyber criminals find new ways to commit crimes, making it challenging for investigators to keep up with the latest threats and techniques.

Jurisdiction of IT tribunal and IT Appellate Tribunal in Nepal

In Nepal, the Information Technology Tribunal and the Information Technology Appellate Tribunal are two specialized bodies established under the Electronic Transaction Act 2063. Both of these tribunals have specific jurisdiction related to IT disputes and appeals.

Information Technology Tribunal: The Information Technology Tribunal (ITT) is a specialized judicial body established to adjudicate disputes related to electronic transactions and cyber-crimes. The ITT has jurisdiction to hear and determine cases related to:

1. Unauthorized access, hacking, and damage to computer systems and networks.
2. Identity theft, phishing, and online fraud.
3. Electronic transactions, including electronic contracts, electronic signatures, and digital certificates.
4. Intellectual property rights, including copyright and trademark disputes related to digital works.
5. Any other disputes arising out of electronic transactions or cyber-crimes.

Information Technology Appellate Tribunal: The Information Technology Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) is a specialized appellate body established to hear appeals against the decisions of the ITT. The ITAT has jurisdiction to hear appeals against any decision of the ITT related to disputes arising out of electronic transactions and cyber-crimes.

The ITAT can hear and determine appeals related to:

1. Decisions of the ITT related to unauthorized access, hacking, and damage to computer systems and networks.
2. Decisions of the ITT related to identity theft, phishing, and online fraud.
3. Decisions of the ITT related to electronic transactions, including electronic contracts, electronic signatures, and digital certificates.
4. Decisions of the ITT related to intellectual property rights, including copyright and trademark disputes related to digital works.
5. Any other decision of the ITT related to electronic transactions or cyber-crimes.

Unit – 5: Existing Provisions of Cyber law, relevant laws and policies in Nepal

There are number of acts and policies which would not be inappropriate to publish. Do learn from your self effort.

Unit – 6: Institutional Mechanism in Nepal

Functions of Office of Controller of Certifying Authority in Nepal

The Office of Controller of Certifying Authority (CCA) in Nepal is a regulatory body established under the Electronic Transaction Act, 2063. The primary function of the CCA is to regulate and supervise the activities of Certifying Authorities (CA) operating in Nepal. The following are the functions of the Office of Controller of Certifying Authority in Nepal:

1.      Licensing of Certifying Authorities: The CCA is responsible for granting licenses to Certifying Authorities (CA) that want to operate in Nepal. The CA provides digital certificates to individuals and organizations for secure online transactions, and the CCA ensures that these CAs operate in compliance with the Electronic Transaction Act.

2.      Registration of Digital Certificates: The CCA maintains a repository of all digital certificates issued by CAs operating in Nepal. It ensures that the certificates are registered and kept up-to-date.

3.      Auditing of Certifying Authorities: The CCA audits the activities of CAs to ensure that they are complying with the Electronic Transaction Act and other regulations. The audit also assesses the technical competence and financial viability of the CA.

4.      Revocation of Digital Certificates: The CCA has the power to revoke digital certificates issued by CAs if they are found to be fraudulent or non-compliant with regulations.

5.      Dispute Resolution: The CCA provides dispute resolution services related to digital certificates issued by CAs operating in Nepal. It handles complaints related to the revocation or non-revocation of digital certificates.

6.   Certification of Electronic Signatures: The CCA is responsible for certifying electronic signatures issued by CAs operating in Nepal. It ensures that the signatures are valid and meet the legal requirements of the Electronic Transaction Act.

Functions of Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology in Nepal

The Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology in Nepal is responsible for formulating and implementing policies related to environmental conservation, sustainable development, and scientific research. Its functions:

1.      Environmental Conservation: It is responsible for developing policies, plans, and programs to protect and conserve the environment in Nepal. It implements measures to reduce pollution, promote clean energy, and conserve natural resources.

2.      Sustainable Development: It is responsible for promoting sustainable development practices in Nepal. It develops policies and programs to ensure that economic development is balanced with environmental conservation and social development.

3.      Climate Change: It is responsible for addressing the issue of climate change in Nepal. It develops policies and programs to mitigate the impact of climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and adapt to the changing climate.

4.      Scientific Research: It is responsible for promoting scientific research in Nepal. It supports scientific research institutions, provides funding for research, and encourages the development of new technologies that can benefit society.

5.      Disaster Management: It is responsible for developing policies and programs related to disaster management in Nepal. It works to reduce the impact of natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes.

6.      International Cooperation: It is responsible for promoting international cooperation in areas related to the environment, science, and technology. It works with international organizations and foreign governments to share knowledge, resources, and expertise to address global environmental issues.

Functions of Nepal Copyright Protection Society

The Nepal Copyright Protection Society (NCPS) is a non-profit organization established under the Copyright Act, 2059 (2002) of Nepal. The primary function of the NCPS is to protect the intellectual property rights of creators, authors, and publishers in Nepal. The following are the functions of the NCPS:

1.      Copyright Registration: The NCPS is responsible for registering works of creators, authors, and publishers in Nepal. It helps to secure their copyright ownership and protect their intellectual property rights.

2.      Copyright Enforcement: The NCPS monitors the use of copyrighted works in Nepal and takes legal action against copyright infringement. It works closely with the government and law enforcement agencies to prevent and prosecute copyright violations.

3.      Collective Management: The NCPS collects and distributes royalties to creators, authors, and publishers for the use of their copyrighted works. It also negotiates and administers licenses for the use of copyrighted works in various industries.

4.      Awareness and Education: The NCPS conducts awareness and educational programs for creators, authors, and publishers to raise awareness about the importance of copyright protection. It also provides training and resources for creators to help them protect their intellectual property rights.

5.      International Cooperation: The NCPS works closely with international organizations and foreign copyright societies to promote international cooperation and protect the intellectual property rights of Nepali creators, authors, and publishers.

National Information Technology Center in Nepal

The National Information Technology Center (NITC) is a government organization in Nepal that is responsible for the development and implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) policies, strategies, and programs in the country. The following are the functions of the NITC:

1.      ICT Policy and Strategy Development: It is responsible for developing and implementing national ICT policies and strategies in Nepal. It works closely with government agencies, private sector organizations, and other stakeholders to develop policies that promote the use of ICT for economic and social development.

2.      e-Governance: It is responsible for promoting and implementing e-governance initiatives in Nepal. It provides technical support to government agencies to develop and implement e-governance services that improve efficiency and transparency in public services delivery.

3.      National ICT Infrastructure Development: It is responsible for the development and maintenance of the national ICT infrastructure in Nepal. It works to ensure that the country has a reliable and robust ICT infrastructure that supports economic growth and social development.

4.      ICT Human Resource Development: It is responsible for developing and implementing programs to improve the ICT skills and knowledge of the Nepali workforce. It works with educational institutions and training centers to provide training and certification programs that improve the ICT skills of Nepali workers.

5.      Cybersecurity: It is responsible for promoting and implementing cybersecurity initiatives in Nepal. It works to protect the national ICT infrastructure from cyber threats and provides technical support to government agencies to develop and implement cybersecurity policies and strategies.

6.      Research and Development: It is responsible for conducting research and development activities related to ICT in Nepal. It works with research institutions and other stakeholders to develop new technologies and innovations that support economic and social development.

High-level Commission for Information Technology in Nepal

The High-Level Commission for Information Technology (HLCIT) is a government body in Nepal that is responsible for the development and implementation of national policies and strategies related to information and communication technology (ICT). The following are the functions of the High-Level Commission for Information Technology in Nepal:

1.      Policy and Strategy Development: It is responsible for developing and implementing national policies and strategies related to ICT in Nepal. It works closely with government agencies, private sector organizations, and other stakeholders to develop policies that promote the use of ICT for economic and social development.

2.      Coordination and Collaboration: It facilitates coordination and collaboration among government agencies, private sector organizations, and other stakeholders involved in ICT development and implementation in Nepal. It works to ensure that activities related to ICT are carried out in a coherent and coordinated manner.

3.      ICT Infrastructure Development: It is responsible for the development and maintenance of the national ICT infrastructure in Nepal. It works to ensure that the country has a reliable and robust ICT infrastructure that supports economic growth and social development.

4.      Capacity Building: It is responsible for developing and implementing programs to improve the ICT skills and knowledge of the Nepali workforce. It works with educational institutions and training centers to provide training and certification programs that improve the ICT skills of Nepali workers.

5.      Cybersecurity: It is responsible for promoting and implementing cybersecurity initiatives in Nepal. It works to protect the national ICT infrastructure from cyber threats and provides technical support to government agencies to develop and implement cybersecurity policies and strategies.

6.      Research and Development: It is responsible for promoting and supporting research and development activities related to ICT in Nepal. It works with research institutions and other stakeholders to develop new technologies and innovations that support economic and social development.

Functions of Computer Association of Nepal

The Computer Association of Nepal (CAN) is a non-profit organization in Nepal that represents the country's information and communication technology (ICT) industry. The following are the functions of the Computer Association of Nepal:

1.      Industry Promotion and Development: It promotes the development of the ICT industry in Nepal. It works to create a favorable environment for the growth of the industry and promotes investment in the sector.

2.      Policy Advocacy: It advocates for policies that promote the growth and development of the ICT industry in Nepal. It works with government agencies and other stakeholders to develop policies that support the industry's growth and development.

3.      Capacity Building: It provides training and capacity building programs to improve the ICT skills and knowledge of Nepali workers. It works with educational institutions and training centers to provide training and certification programs that improve the ICT skills of Nepali workers.

4.      Networking and Collaboration: It provides a platform for networking and collaboration among its members and other stakeholders in the ICT industry. It promotes collaboration among industry players to facilitate knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and business partnerships.

5.      Research and Development: It promotes research and development activities in the ICT industry in Nepal. It works with research institutions and other stakeholders to develop new technologies and innovations that support the industry's growth and development.

6.      Consumer Protection: It works to protect the interests of ICT consumers in Nepal. It ensures that its members provide high-quality products and services to consumers and advocates for policies that protect consumers' rights.